Often misunderstood, misused or abused and generally known as The Caste System - Brahman, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas and Sudras.
In the Bhagavad-Gita, The Lord says:
“The fourfold caste has been created by Me;
according to the differentiation of Guna and Karma;”
………… Ch.4, Verse 13
“There is no being on earth, or again in heaven among the gods,
that is liberated from the three qualities born of Nature. ”
………… Ch.18, Verse 40
“Of Brahmanas, Kshtriyas and Vaishyas, as also the Sudras,
O Arjuna, the duties are distributed according to the qualities born of their own nature. ”
………… Ch.18, Verse 41
The word ‘GUNA’ - Satwa, Rajas and Tamas; in Vedanta means Prakriti. The principle of caste system is not confined to any one country. It applies to all human beings of all races, in all countries. This Sanatan principle is eternal and is not subject to change. It remains unchanged in the past, in the present and in the future.
The Creator created human beings with their four divisions, viz., Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, and Sudras. The colour Brahmanas obtained was white; the Kshatriyas got red; the Vaisyas yellow and black was given to the Sudras. Here the words expressive of hue or colour really mean attributes. What is intended to be said is that the Brahmanas had the attribute of Goodness - Sattwa; the second order had the attribute of Passion - Rajas; third got a mixture of both goodness and passion (Sattwa and Rajas); while the lowest order got the remaining attribute, viz., Darkness - Tamas.
The whole world at first consisted of Brahmanas. Created equal by the Creator, Jevas have in consequence of their acts, become distributed into different orders. Those became fond of indulging in desire and enjoying pleasures, possessed of the attributes of severity and wrath, endued with courage and unmindful of the duties of piety and worship - these Brahmanas possessing the attribute of Passion became Kshatriyas.
Those Brahmanas again who, without attending to the duties laid down for them, became possessed of both the attributes of Goodness and Passion; took to the professions of cattle-rearing and agriculture, became Vaisyas. Those Brahmanas fond of untruth and injuring other creatures, possessed cupidity, engaged in all kinds of acts for a living and fallen away from purity of behaviour, thus wedded to the attribute of Darkness, became Sudras.
Separated by these occupations, Brahmanas, falling away from their own order, became members of the other three orders. All the four orders, therefore, have always the right to the performance of all pious duties and of sacrifices. Even thus were the four orders at first created equal by Brahma - the Creator who ordained for all of them (the observances disclosed in) the words of Brahma (the Vedas). Through cupidity alone, many fell away and became possessed by ignorance.
The Brahmanas always devoted to the scriptures on Brahma and mindful of vows and restraints are capable of grasping the conception of Brahman. Their penances therefore, never go for nothing. They amongst them are not Brahmanas that are incapable of understanding that every created thing is Supreme Brahman. These, falling away, became members of diverse (inferior) orders. Losing the light of knowledge and betaking themselves to an unrestrained course of conduct, they take birth as Pisachas, Rakshasas or demons, Pretas and individuals of diverse Mleccha species.
A person, who has been sanctified by such rites as those called JATA and others; who is pure in behaviour; who is engaged in studying the Vedas; who is devoted to the six well-known acts of ablutions every morning and evening, silent recitation of mantras, pouring libations on the sacrificial fire, worshipping the deities, doing the duties of hospitality to guests and offering food to the Viswedevas; who is properly observant of all pious acts; who never takes food without having offered it duly to gods and guests; who is filled with reverence for his preceptor and who is always devoted to vows and truth is called a Brahmana in whom are truth, gifts, abstention from injury to others, compassion, shame, benevolence and penance.
He who is engaged in the profession of battle, who studies the Vedas, who makes gifts to Brahmanas and takes wealth from those he protects, is called a Kshatriya. He who earns fame from keep of cattle, who is employed in agriculture and the means of acquiring wealth, who is pure in behaviour and attends to the study of the Vedas, is called a Vaisya. He who takes pleasure in eating every kind of food, who is engaged in doing every kind of work, who is impure in behaviour, who does not study the Vedas and whose conduct is unclean, is said to be a Sudra. If the saID characteristics be observable in a Sudra and if they be not found in a Brahmana, then such a Sudra, is not a Sudra and such a Brahmana is no Brahmana.
This as self-restraint, is the highest results of Knowledge. Those passions - cupidity and wrath, should be resisted, with whole heart. They make their appearance for destroying the highest good. One should always protect the prosperity from wrath, penance from pride; knowledge from honour & disgrace; and the soul from error. That intelligent person, who does all acts without desire of fruit, whose whole wealth exists for charity and performs the daily Homa, is a real renouncer or karma-sannyasa.
Every individual should behave oneself as a friend to all creatures, abstaining from all acts of injury. Rejecting the acceptance of all gifts, should by the aid of intelligence, be a complete master of passions. Should live in soul where there can be no grief. There would then have no fear here and attain to a fearless region hereafter. One should live always devoted to penances and with all passions completely restrained; observing the vow of taciturnity and with soul concentrated on itself; desirous of conquering the unconquered senses and unattached in the midst of attachments.
The indications of a Brahmana are purity, good behaviour and compassion unto all creatures. Sufficient liberty of action is left to them in consequence of which all individuals may attain to an equality of condition. A man of wisdom cannot catch hold of a sinful person and forcibly cause him to become righteous. When seriously urged to act righteously, the sinful only act with hypocrisy, impelled by fear.
All are equal in respect of their physical organism. All of them, again, are possessed of souls that are equal
in respect of their nature. When dissolution comes, everything dissolves away. What remains is the inceptive will to achieve Righteousness. That, indeed, reappears in next life of itself. When such is the result, that is when the enjoyments and endurance of this life are due to the acts of a past life, the inequality of lot discernible among human beings cannot be regarded in any way anomalous.
The status of a Brahmana is incapable of acquisition by a person belonging to any of the three other orders. That status is the highest with respect to all creatures. Travelling through innumerable orders of existence, by undergoing repeated births, one at last, in some birth, becomes born as a Brahmana. The status of a Brahmana is incapable of acquisition by persons begotten on uncleansed souls. But With the aid of these acts a Sudra may become a Brahman. Endued with knowledge and science, purified from all dross and fully conversant with the Vedas, a pious Kshatriya, by his own acts, becomes Brahman.
If the Sudra desires to be a Vaisya, he should abstain from meat, be truthful in speech, free from pride and arrogance. He should rise superior to all pairs of opposites such as heat and cold, joy and sorrow etc., he should be observant of the duties of peace and tranquility and become pure in body and mind.
The status of Brahmana once gained, it should always be protected with care. The manner in which a Sudra becomes Brahmana, is similar by which a Brahmana may fall away from his pure status to become a Sudra.
FromTejabindupanishad, Shloka 12:
Brahman - the Supreme Reality is not known to those who are possessed of avarice, delusion, fear, egotism, lust, anger and sin or possessed of heat and cold, hunger and thirst, or mental resolve and indecision, or pride of birth in a Brahmin (priest) family, or vanity in having read a mass of books on Mukti (liberation or salvation). In other words - Realisation is not dependent on birth or book-learning as has been repeatedly demonstrated in the lives of saints, from the very earliest times to our own day.